Christopher Hitchens is on fine form in Slate magazine, on Ayaan Hirsi Ali and the moral contortions of her PC critics:
“Accompanying the article is a typically superficial Newsweek Q&A sidebar, which is almost unbelievably headed: A Bombthrower’s Life. The subject of this absurd headline is a woman who has been threatened with horrific violence, by Muslims varying from moderate to extreme, ever since she was a little girl. She has more recently had to see a Dutch friend butchered in the street, been told that she is next, and now has to live with bodyguards in Washington, D.C. She has never used or advocated violence. Yet to whom does Newsweek refer as the “Bombthrower”? It’s always the same with these bogus equivalences: They start by pretending loftily to find no difference between aggressor and victim, and they end up by saying that it’s the victim of violence who is ‘really’ inciting it…”
The Hitchens piece prompted me to unearth this article, written for 3:AM, about Laila Lalami’s criticism of Ayaan Hirsi Ali. Readers may spot similar patterns of rhetorical evasion.
“In an attempt to rebut Hirsi Ali’s contention, Lalami wields a list of Muslim figures who dare to question orthodoxy. Oddly, she omits any mention of how most of those she names have faced censure, persecution or serious threats of violence for demonstrating their capacity for critical thought.”
Laila Lalami’s Nation article addresses non-Islamic views of female roles within the Muslim world, and the phenomenon she describes as “the burden of pity.” Central to her argument is an attack on Ayaan Hirsi Ali and Irshad Manji, whose scholarship and rigour are called into question, along with several sins of omission. The details of this criticism can be read in full via the link above, and some valid secondary points are made. However, Lalami’s own essential argument is far more tendentious and evasive than those she critiques. Lalami argues that Muslim women are unfairly singled out as objects of sympathy and sadness. She writes, “Christian and Jewish women living in similarly constricting fundamentalist settings never seem to attract the same concern. The veil, illiteracy, domestic violence, gender apartheid and genital mutilation have become so many hot-button issues that symbolize our status as second-class citizens in our societies.” In doing so, Lalami rather refutes her own assertion. To the best of my knowledge, relatively few Christian or Jewish women face enforced shrouding, physical abuse, death threats or honour killings as a matter of piety or routine.
Perhaps Lalami can provide a list of priests and prominent rabbis who advocate the beating of women and publish books on how to go about it. As when Mohammed Kamal Mostafa, a “respected” imam from Andalusia, published The Islamic Woman, a helpful guide advising Muslim men on how to beat “rebellious” women without leaving visible signs of injury, in accord with Muhammad’s teachings. Mostafa’s advice included how to avoid incriminating bruises and scar tissue, and how to “inflict blows that are not too strong nor too hard, because the aim is to make them suffer psychologically and not to humiliate them or mistreat them physically.” Jailed in November 2004, Mostafa’s sentence was reduced from 12 months to 20 days and the imam was ordered to complete a training course in basic human rights.
As is often pointed out, the Qur’an is not unique in its misogynistic content and the Old Testament has plenty of disagreeable exhortations – for instance, the stoning of women who turn their husbands away from God (Deuteronomy 13:7). However, the Qur’an is unique in the extent to which it is still taken literally and regarded as immutable. I’m not aware of great swathes of 21st century Christians taking the above injunction seriously and enacting it, or demanding that verses from Deuteronomy be enforced by law so that others do the same. But the Islamic sanction of misogyny is still all too widely enacted as a measure of religious observance.
Muhammad’s sanctioning of wife-beating (Qur’an 4:34, Abu Dawood 11:2142, etc) is still being advanced as valid legal principle by Muslim spokesmen in Spain, Turkey, Holland, Saudi Arabia and Pakistan. Interviewed by Saudi Arabia’s IQRA TV in March 2005, Sheik Muhammed Al-Manujid referred to the precedent set by Muhammad and insisted: “God is aware of men’s needs… a wife needs to comply with her husband’s desires in bed. Wives in the West are not obliged to do so… They claim that if he has sex with her against her will, this is rape! They claim she must be willing!” Such claims of theological legitimacy will, unsurprisingly, help foster an atmosphere of intimidation, coercion and familial abuse.
The middle class women of Tehran may sit in coffee bars with colourful headscarves hiding rebelliously tinted hair, but Dr Saeeda Malik of the Pakistani Institute of Medical Sciences reported that 9 out of 10 rural Muslim wives have been physically abused for being “disobedient” in matters of cooking or sexual compliance. If a Christian or Jewish analogue of this experience exists, perhaps Ms Lalami would care to point it out. Were such parallels to exist on any scale, they would most likely be viewed as aberrant by mainstream Christians and Jews. However, the relationship between fundamentalist Islam and its mainstream – in terms of size, convergence and influence – is very different from that found in Christianity or Judaism. And the fact that this religious mandate is based on the words of Muhammad himself is uniquely problematic.
Lalami mocks the tendency among some to think of Muslim women as an oppressed generic collective, and asks, dryly: “Why… do Muslim women not seek out the West’s help in freeing themselves from their societies’ retrograde thinking? The poor things, they are so oppressed they do not even know they are oppressed…” Well, I’m sure some of the compassion that’s expressed is patronising, self-serving and ill-informed. Doubtless there are some who assume every single Muslim woman on the planet has the same sorrowful experience. And I’m sure expressions of generic sympathy can feel uncomfortable for any number of reasons. But, as someone with a close relative who lived through years of intimidation and low-level domestic abuse, I can testify that women in such circumstances may not recognise their ill-treatment as outrageous or unusual. That’s why it goes on. That’s how it works. Many may assume it’s simply how things are. This ‘normalising’ effect will obviously be amplified in communities where misogyny is given theological license.
Lalami also mocks Hirsi Ali’s contention that Muslim cultures are often “deficient in critical thought.” Well, it’s a generalisation, certainly, but it’s not without an element of truth. I’ve spoken with believers of all kinds and quite a few Muslims. Critical thought has not been a defining attribute of the people I’ve spoken with. There are certain subjects and certain ways of thinking that are inherently at odds with maintaining a religious subscription; and the more literalist and all-consuming that subscription is, the more critical blunting is required to maintain it. If, for instance, Ms Lalami were to think critically about how her own beliefs were absorbed and propagated, some of those beliefs might be challenged or invalidated. The childhood inculcation of religious identity and the subsequent identification with unverified or fictitious events is difficult to undo. Strong emotional associations are formed – not least feelings of parental approval – and, in later life, criticism of those beliefs can be felt as a kind of personal insult. Indeed, in recent years, intemperate reactions to criticism have all but defined the public face of Islam.
In an attempt to rebut Hirsi Ali’s contention, Lalami wields a list of Muslim figures who dare to question orthodoxy: “Hirsi Ali seems to believe that Muslims are deficient in critical thought… The work of Khaled Abou El Fadl, Fatima Mernissi, Leila Ahmed, Reza Aslan, Adonis, Amina Wadud, Nawal Saadawi, Mohja Kahf, Asra Nomani and the thousands of other scholars working in both Muslim countries and the West easily contradicts the notion.” Oddly, Lalami omits any mention of how most of those she names have faced censure, persecution or serious threats of violence for demonstrating their capacity for critical thought. Thinking critically may be one thing, but expressing those thoughts freely is, apparently, quite another.
In the wake of 9/11, Khaled Abou El Fadl wrote a modest article for the Los Angeles Times about the need for introspection within the Islamic world. The article, and subsequent lectures and TV appearances, resulted in El Fadl’s UCLA office and San Fernando Valley home receiving a barrage of death threats. The threats, gunshots and subsequent property damage were not the work of ‘Islamophobes’ or racists, but of indignant American Muslims accusing El Fadl of “defaming” Islam and “selling out” their religion.
The feminist Muslim Asra Nomani is indeed another outspoken reformer, but the homicidal reactions to Nomani’s efforts scarcely refute Hirsi Ali’s basic argument. Nomani is perhaps best known for campaigning for women to be allowed to pray alongside men in mosques. A modest enough request, one might think. Less well known – and unacknowledged by Lalami – are the numerous death threats that began two days after Nomani argued for this right on the Nightline news programme. One outraged male Muslim called Nomani’s mobile phone and left a message in Urdu, promising to “slaughter” her, halal style, if she didn’t “keep her mouth shut.” The caller promised to murder Nomani’s mother and father, too, and, to emphasise his point, he called her parents’ home immediately afterwards. The pious caller added thoughtfully that he would say a prayer as he slit their throats.
The Iranian author, Reza Aslan, and Amina Wadud, a Professor of Islamic Studies at Virginia Commonwealth University, have both suffered death threats for allegedly “corrupting Islam.” As has the Egyptian feminist writer, Nawal Saadawi. Other prominent victims of theological intolerance were excluded from Lalami’s list. The Sudanese writer Kola Boof fled to the U.S. after receiving death threats for her comments on Islam and slavery. In March 2002, Jordan’s first female Member of Parliament, Toujan al-Faisal, was imprisoned for publishing material deemed “detrimental to religious feeling.” One month earlier, the Iranian writer and human rights lawyer, Mehrangiz Kar, and her publisher, Shahla Lahiji, received jail sentences based on similar claims of affront.
Nor was any mention made of the Bangladeshi novelist Taslima Nasrin, who in the early Nineties aroused widespread ire among Muslims by publicly questioning Sharia and the treatment of women under Islamic law. Strikes and rallies ensued across Dhaka, drawing over 200,000 protestors and calls for her imprisonment. Nasrin fled Bangladesh in 1994 after Muslim fundamentalists placed a bounty on her head. Tried in absentia for blasphemy, a 2002 court ruling condemned her to jail if she returns. Her books are, of course, banned.
The list of critical thinkers who’ve received a less than warm welcome from Islamic authorities and fellow believers is daunting and far too long to cover in full. And, so far as I know, this list of exiles, refugees and women threatened into hiding has no modern parallel among critics of Christianity or Judaism. A question thus arises. If Islam is so tender and enlightened in its approach to women, and so welcoming of debate, why should this be so? Lalami may feel inclined to sneer at “hagiographic profiles” of Ayaan Hirsi Ali and Irshad Manji, and to dismiss the use of such terms as “brave” and “heroic”; but one has to wonder how Lalami might regard the unknown number of less prominent men and women who share many of their views and would like the freedom to voice them.
I’m no fan of Hirsi Ali’s essentialist view of religion, but she is certainly to be defended from the attacks of those who really should know better.
But just to get back to this ‘fundamentalist’ business, or rather the increasingly widespread abuse of the term, I’ve just seen it used by so-called ‘futurologist’ Ray Kurzweil in a comment article published in this week’s New Scientist. In this most bizarre piece, Kurzweil lumps secular humanism together with Luddite naturalism, and claims that secular fundamentalists are “capable of as much damage as their religious counterparts”!
The online version of the Kurzweil article is available to subscribers only, but the first few paragraphs may be read here:
http://tinyurl.com/356j4j
Francis,
Lalami should indeed know better, but she doesn’t seem to care too much. You can literally Google through her list of “critical thinkers” and add the words “death threat” to each name. The results are eye-widening. And, naturally, her article met with approval among parts of the literary left, which makes the self-refuting nature of her argument all the more surreal.
I struggled to get past Kurzweil’s very first sentence (or his sub editor’s): “Secular fundamentalists don’t like the rapid rate of technological progress.” Er, what? Seems some people will redefine fundamentalism or extremism to mean pretty much anything, even made-up stuff, and all in the interests of appearing ‘even-handed’. Oh, the irony.
I’m afraid the remainder of Kurzweil’s “911 words” (spooky!) are no better. If they had been published on a blog, you can almost guarantee that someone would have commented that the article is sub-sixth-form drivel. If you’re looking for a critical perspective on future possibilities in science and technology, I’d recommend disembowelling a sheep before reading a Ray Kurzweil essay.
Um, Kola Boof is an imposter. She has made numerous claims — having been an Egyptian movie star, having been Osama bin Laden’s mistress, having been a guerrilla fighter — that fail to survive the most cursory critical examination. Yes, critics of Islam have been threatened, but Kola Boof doesn’t belong in that illustrious list.
Karen,
Thanks for that. Do you have more information? Incidentally, I wasn’t vouching for the personal merits of everyone on that “illustrious list”, but the censoriousness and thuggery remains deplorable nonetheless.
I worked on the Kola Boof article on Wikipedia. The more I looked, the more I found; however, I believe that KB herself (under pseudonyms) was busy trying to remove anything critical. Have a look at:
http://www.peterbergen.com/bergen/articles/details.aspx?id=268
That’s Bin Laden’s biographer dismissing Kola Boof as delusional.
I’ve quit WP in disgust and the article seems to have been skewed towards acceptance of Kola’s claims. However, there’s no record on IMDB of any of the films in which she claimed to have starred, no proof that she was ever published in Arabic, no proof that she ever met Bin Laden, no proof that she ever engaged in an LA shootout with jihadis sent to kill her, etc. Her claim to have been removed from the Sudan and adopted by a Washington DC African-American couple is utterly implausible; it reads like a cover story for a garden-variety upbringing in the US. Online, she’s talked about her “adoptive” parents and the high school she attended. Any journalist who wanted to scour high school year books could probably find her. It would make an interesting story.
Thanks.
I would direct this to David Thompson.
Exactly what High school in Washington D.C. did Kola Boof ever claim to attend? There is none, because she never made such a claim, although she dated several boys who went to High school. Ms. Boof was in a special program called “OPEN SPACE” for foreign-language students, Mr. Thompson. I was one of her teachers.
That one false statement by you is the type of boomerang mis-reporting that hinders so many arrogant types like yourself. Additionally, only about 40% of the films made on this planet are registered at IMDB. Why do white people just assume they know everything?
Why did you fail to post Kola Boof’s response to Peter Bergen’s claims? Is it because he’s a white guy so whatever he says is automatically true?
It turned out that Peter Bergen lied. http://kolapress.1colony.com/
I have read Kola Boof’s autobiography and as an African person from Mali, I believe her story and I believe her claims. I do not believe people like yourself who jot down false information while claiming your very subject is a liar.
Wamuli Assara,
“I would direct this to David Thompson.”
I think your reply would be better directed to Karen Lofstrom, who actually made the comments to which you’ve taken exception. You appear to have confused the contents of my article, with which I assume you agree, with comments made by visitors.
Viewed in this light, you might want to reconsider your remarks about my “false statement” and “misreporting.” I’ll let the “arrogant type” quip stand, though. There may be some truth in that.
Mr. Thompson, I do apologize as I certainly have confused Ms. Lofstrom’s comments with yours. Please accept my humble apologies.
As well, I retract the “arrogant” tag as you were so gracious to even respond and so promptly. That’s true class.
In regard to Kola Boof, I encourage anyone who has heard the myriad lies about her to simply read her highly acclaimed autobiography “Diary of a Lost Girl” and get the actual details and chronology of her life for yourself. It’s almost a decade since she came on the scene and her detractors have not presented any proof that she’s a fraud in all this time, though they claim even the most “cursory” investigation discredits her claims. I say hogwash. I found this blog by the way doing a search for Kola Boof’s wonderful poem about her friend Theo Van Gogh. I hope we will please not forget the contributions of Theo Van Gogh who was truly a great man and gave his life so that people in Africa will someday have the right to choose their own path in life.
Wamuli Assara,
No problem. Thanks for your comments. I hope you enjoy the rest of this blog.
Leila Lalami’s eminently brilliant article on Irshad Manji and Ayaan Hirsi Ali is an exquisite piece of work and I think when I read it it was the most refreshing article I had read in a long long time. It was the perfect antidote to the self loathing deprecation of the two above named authors and an insight into a more objective view of reality.
what a nonsensical, tendentious, and wilfully obtuse reading of lalami’s article!
Logicat and Suhail Shafi,
It’s difficult to respond in a useful way to comments of the kind you’ve made. Rather than simply referring to Lalami’s article as “eminently brilliant” and to my own as “nonsensical”, perhaps one of you would care to present some kind of argument, citing specifics, and explaining what exactly it is you take issue with?
The reason I admire Ms Lalami’s articles as being brilliant is that it questions the rigid orthodoxy of the anti establishment mentality of the other two authors while taking a firm stand against the oppression of women in any way shape or form. In other words believing in equality for women without insulting or vilifying anybody’s religious sentiments which strikes as being far more constructive than the factually questionable (at best) rant of the likes of Hirsi Ali. Yes, “eminently brilliant” is quite an appropriate label for Ms Lalami’s work.
Suhail Shafi,
Thanks for the reply.
The problem is that it seems rather difficult to “take a firm stand against the oppression of women in any form” without challenging the specific religious ideas and specific religious laws that are so readily used to justify and perpetuate that oppression.
How, for instance, does one deal with the Andalusian imam, Mohammed Kamal Mostafa, mentioned in the article above? How does one challenge his assertions (and the assertions of others like him) without also challenging the “sacred” ideas being used as an excuse to beat women? And how does take “a firm stand” without suggesting, at least by implication, that those “religious sentiments” are wrong and disgusting on very important issues – with all that entails for literalist believers and religious institutions?
“Believing” in the equality of women is easy and conveniently vague, especially if one is unwilling to challenge the means by which inequality is perpetuated and enforced. It’s hard to see how such evasion is “more constructive” or “objective.” Given the omissions mentioned above, it simply seems woolly and dishonest.
Hm. I may elaborate on this as a post.
I do not know who this imam you mentioned is, but the fact remains if a man wants to treat his wife fairly, he does not need anyone to tell him to do so and if he chooses to be abusive he does not need an imam to tell him to do so either. I do not accept that the majority of wife beaters or abusers of ANY kind need a theological sanction for their behaviour whatsoever.
Suhail Shafi,
Of course. But none of that addresses the issue of religiously sanctioned misogyny and the difficulties of challenging such behaviour. Obviously, religious belief isn’t a precondition for abuse, but the Islamic sanction of abuse is particularly vile, difficult to oppose, and far from uncommon.
If a man believes his religion gives him license to beat his wife – or regards it as a matter of piety and religious observance – then it’s difficult to inhibit that behaviour without also challenging the beliefs that reinforce it and give it “legitimacy”. And moreso when such beliefs are ingrained as a cultural or religious norm and are explicitly sanctioned by religious teaching.
Those who do oppose the beating of women in this context can be – and often are – denounced as “insulting” religious feeling. In many parts of the world, this “insult” can have rather perilous consequences. This is the issue that has to be addressed.
You may wish to share your thoughts over here:
https://thompsonblog.co.uk/2007/06/empty_gestures.html
Throwing Punches For Ali:
Christopher Hitchens offers an impassioned defense of Ayaan Hirsi Ali, bestselling author of %%AMAZON=0743289684 Infidel%%, against reviewers who have called her “absolutist,” “fundamentalist” and “reactionary.” (Slate) David Thompson has more….